Hi,
Wow, this was a cool thread!! I'm sorry to reply so long after the last previous post by Gem, but as an engineer and ex-musician I found it fascinating.
I'm not trying to down anyone's theory on possible conspiracies, but here are the practical reasons that 60 c.p.s. is a good line frequency.
First, let me add the caveat that 60 c.p.s. wasn't and still isn't "universal". Many countries in Europe and Asia use 50 c.p.s. / 240 volts. (One Phase to Neutral.)
In fact, up until recently Japan had one part of the country 50 Hertz, one part 60 Hertz. Which made receiving Analog T.V. from Tokyo a nightmare, because T.V. transmitters and receivers use the line frequency for the Vertical Sync Pulse. (Imagine watching Godzilla with the screen flipping vertically, 10 times per second.)
Line frequencies where all over the board until about 70 years ago. The "standardization" came at first, due to long distance transmission loss, A.C. motor rotational speeds, and........light bulbs.
Using D.C. was not an option due to resistive losses. High Frequencies were a problem due to radiational , inductance, and distributed capacitance losses,........ as well as the fact that the frequency is determined by the speed at which the generator rotates. High speed mechanics equals high maintenance, high frictional losses. (Also distributed capacitance in generator or motor windings decreases coupling efficiency.
So,....a low frequency was needed. Enter,....the Light Bulb.
When A.C. first replaced D.C. as the standard, many line frequencies were 25 c.p.s. This produced an annoying, (sickening), flicker due to the heating inertia of tungsten, and the processing hysteresis of our eye / mind interface. So experimentation resulted in 50 c.p.s. being fast enough to overwhelm our eye to mind processing speed. (Barely.)
(Guys, this is a very simplified explanation, the frequency standards were all over the place for quite a while.)
Then,....comes A.C. motor R.P.M. rotational speeds and torque conversion. As I mentioned, higher frequencies result in more losses. Real low frequencies require extremely large cores for permeability, and high inductance windings. (Miles and miles of wire.) A.C. motors utilizing the materials available then, had a peak efficiency around 50/60 cycles.
The standardization came because a motor's rotational speed is determined by the line frequency / number of poles / number of phases.
60 c.p.s. on a two pole, single phase motor results in 3600 r.p.m.
Now comes some great Time Standard "conspiracy" material. Time is based for the most part, on multiples of 60. (60 seconds / 60 minutes / etc.) This has an additional relationship to the 360 degree relationship of a cycle / circle. (6 x 60 = 360.)
A.C. voltage is a sine wave. A sine wave is just a circle, (cycle), starting at one point in time and ending at another. It contains 360 degrees. (6 x 60)
Now,...at 60 cycles per second line frequency,...you have a frequency that is both a direct integer of our time standard (60 seconds), and a direct integer of our circle / cycle geometry (360 degrees).
This makes mathematically predicting rotational speeds as related to time, and rotational position as related to time vs Degree of Arc, very simple. A great aid when it comes to motor design.
So basically 60 cycles per second, is the "almost" standard in part, because of a great Illuminati conspiracy to make the time standard 60 seconds. (THOSE BASTA***!)
Stay tuned for the my genius thesis on 440 vs 432 c.p.s., here on One Eyed Jack Radio.
(Note*--The comments of this radio host are not necessarily the opinions held by the moderators / members of this forum,....or any sane members of society.........Some assembly required,..............Batteries not included.)
Wow,....I have to get out of Korea,....I think I'm losing my mind!
Quote For The Day:
"Every time you think, you weaken the world!"
by
Moses (Moe Howard) Horowitz
Stooge
circa 1940
Wow, this was a cool thread!! I'm sorry to reply so long after the last previous post by Gem, but as an engineer and ex-musician I found it fascinating.
I'm not trying to down anyone's theory on possible conspiracies, but here are the practical reasons that 60 c.p.s. is a good line frequency.
First, let me add the caveat that 60 c.p.s. wasn't and still isn't "universal". Many countries in Europe and Asia use 50 c.p.s. / 240 volts. (One Phase to Neutral.)
In fact, up until recently Japan had one part of the country 50 Hertz, one part 60 Hertz. Which made receiving Analog T.V. from Tokyo a nightmare, because T.V. transmitters and receivers use the line frequency for the Vertical Sync Pulse. (Imagine watching Godzilla with the screen flipping vertically, 10 times per second.)
Line frequencies where all over the board until about 70 years ago. The "standardization" came at first, due to long distance transmission loss, A.C. motor rotational speeds, and........light bulbs.
Using D.C. was not an option due to resistive losses. High Frequencies were a problem due to radiational , inductance, and distributed capacitance losses,........ as well as the fact that the frequency is determined by the speed at which the generator rotates. High speed mechanics equals high maintenance, high frictional losses. (Also distributed capacitance in generator or motor windings decreases coupling efficiency.
So,....a low frequency was needed. Enter,....the Light Bulb.
When A.C. first replaced D.C. as the standard, many line frequencies were 25 c.p.s. This produced an annoying, (sickening), flicker due to the heating inertia of tungsten, and the processing hysteresis of our eye / mind interface. So experimentation resulted in 50 c.p.s. being fast enough to overwhelm our eye to mind processing speed. (Barely.)
(Guys, this is a very simplified explanation, the frequency standards were all over the place for quite a while.)
Then,....comes A.C. motor R.P.M. rotational speeds and torque conversion. As I mentioned, higher frequencies result in more losses. Real low frequencies require extremely large cores for permeability, and high inductance windings. (Miles and miles of wire.) A.C. motors utilizing the materials available then, had a peak efficiency around 50/60 cycles.
The standardization came because a motor's rotational speed is determined by the line frequency / number of poles / number of phases.
60 c.p.s. on a two pole, single phase motor results in 3600 r.p.m.
Now comes some great Time Standard "conspiracy" material. Time is based for the most part, on multiples of 60. (60 seconds / 60 minutes / etc.) This has an additional relationship to the 360 degree relationship of a cycle / circle. (6 x 60 = 360.)
A.C. voltage is a sine wave. A sine wave is just a circle, (cycle), starting at one point in time and ending at another. It contains 360 degrees. (6 x 60)
Now,...at 60 cycles per second line frequency,...you have a frequency that is both a direct integer of our time standard (60 seconds), and a direct integer of our circle / cycle geometry (360 degrees).
This makes mathematically predicting rotational speeds as related to time, and rotational position as related to time vs Degree of Arc, very simple. A great aid when it comes to motor design.
So basically 60 cycles per second, is the "almost" standard in part, because of a great Illuminati conspiracy to make the time standard 60 seconds. (THOSE BASTA***!)
Stay tuned for the my genius thesis on 440 vs 432 c.p.s., here on One Eyed Jack Radio.
(Note*--The comments of this radio host are not necessarily the opinions held by the moderators / members of this forum,....or any sane members of society.........Some assembly required,..............Batteries not included.)
Wow,....I have to get out of Korea,....I think I'm losing my mind!
Quote For The Day:
"Every time you think, you weaken the world!"
by
Moses (Moe Howard) Horowitz
Stooge
circa 1940
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