02-15-2021, 04:44 PM
In Thus Spake Zarathustra, Nietzsche describes, early in the text, the ideal of man taking charge of his own destiny, striving to reach the other end of the awkward journey from animal to something else (which Nietzsche called the "superman", as different existentially from the human engaging in human monkey business, as that human is from the apes) -- and an anti-ideal, what would happen if existential development fizzled out while humanity lived on through its technology as a hive of aimless standardized citizens who blandly persusade themselves that they are "happy".
The most conventional, even academic, wisdom was characterized through a preacher of good sleep, greatly honored and respected, listened to by many, teaching them how to live in such a way that what they do at day leaves them no trouble at night. Zarathustra muses, "if life had no sense, and I had to choose nonsense, this would be the desirablest nonsense for me also."
Humanity is a mess, and creates complicated messes for itself, including -- as Nietzsche views it -- through the inhuman monstrosity of "the state". But zooming in, there's far more basic problems than what happens at the large and abstract level in a way that made Nietzsche think of a slow collective suicide taking place. In many ways, at various scales, what people develop follow the ideas of those who preach death rather than life, who have worldviews centering around something denying life or its meaningful development on Earth. This includes various religious doctrines, in Nietzsche's view, which teach people to give up on everything except a striving to escape from the dreadful confines of life on Earth, sometimes through bringing a self-destructive striving to crush any real goodness and potential they may have in the name of whatever is fervently imagined.
Nietzsche's description of spiritual development may be a good match for those who, however they began, then went on to inwardly carry great burdens of obligation and "thou shalt", values handed to them as wisdom from external sources, until, genuinely convinced, as a result life revolves around taking on and carrying heavy loads seemingly for its own sake. All these great golden values which somehow arrived from outside may, in a next stage of growth, be seen to be like the scales of a great dragon, which needs to be defied with a purity of raw inner strength yearning for freedom. In thus embodying a holy "No", the older and shallower virtuous order is inwardly destroyed. Thereafter in spirit can unfold a childlike new beginning, where the creative role becomes genuine and a holy "Yes" is embodied.
Nietzsche's Zarathustra is a man who used to believe in a God he later realized was a phantom mirroring human nature and weaknesses. After a decade of withdrawal and solitude, he no longer believes in that miserable creator who distracted himself from his pain and shortcomings by fixing his attention on a creation filled with pain and shortcomings (that's Nietzsche's vision of a Christian God). He has recovered from his inwardly ashen state and is calmly filled with a new fire in its place. And he wants to help people, but soon learns how messy it can be to try to communicate controversial things.
To inwardly break molds of conventional, barren normality, people need to be capable of self-contempt, not in a conventional moral sense, but rather seeing how small, flaky, and transient one's happiness and reason and virtue are. Rather than genuinely living for something which makes life worthwhile, or for knowing, or a striving to embody a way of being, usually neither the good qualities nor their opposite are truly at the core of a person. As seen from a more detached (or perhaps simply alienated, through a heavy disillusionment) perspective, the good qualities are usually like small, weak animals moving along haphazardly and always needing more food, always poor in spirit.
There's of course several ways in which things could be different from that, and Nietzsche's protagonist, while strikingly positive on the whole, describes things in an ambiguous way which brings far greater emphasis to avoiding the usual dead ends than to bringing any pure vision of positive spirituality into focus.
Human potential is compared to a dark cloud carrying the potential for something greater to manifest out of it. Zarathustra compares himself and others of like mind to heavy raindrops falling out of the cloud, heralding the coming of lightning, when humanity finally attains something greater than itself. But there's also a contrasting vision of what happens when and where the potential dissipates while nothing much comes from humanity.
Not all are capable of genuinely questioning the value of how and what they currently are, by looking at it soberly. Can they still, somehow, be spurred on to develop a real valuation of deeper ideals, and see that differences exist of a kind which justifies real and heartfelt striving to change?
Zarathustra envisions a bad final age in the development of civilization, where technology keeps humanity alive, and people live very long, colorless, apathetic lives, having no ambitions or preoccupations beyond living like amiable animals in a world of routine and normality, and where the abnormal (having anything in them not in harmony with such life) simply leave the rest alone in order to be treated for whatever insanity they are viewed as having. A formless herd in which all are perfectly alike. Along with all of the old problems of humanity, all the old potential has also faded away.
If for a gross caricature you ignore the complete death of the inner life, and use the "objective measurements" of conventional psychiatry, then I suppose it's a socialist utopia. More to the point is that it's a vision of equality being reached through the death of individuality, by taking away all except the human "shell" and making that docile.
Hope for any kind of development past the current, usual mess which humanity is, draws upon the chaos and uncertainty still in people. Without it, people would never go far in any direction.
The anti-ideal seems to match the idea of the "sinkhole the indifference" very well -- just as well as societies fragmenting into smaller and smaller warring groups which get nowhere except reversing their former development, and other visions of the evaporating of understanding and loss of inner striving to become anything more or different, leaving humans living on like animals in a truly meaningless existence. As for the ideal it is contrasted with, the main theme is the inner driving force which keeps a person fundamentally at odds with descent into the sinkhole.
Personally, I think this may resonate especially strongly with people who feel an invisible pressure in the form of all which would strive to force them into such an anti-ideal mold, a silent pressure which feels as if it slowly threatens to suffocate, or drown, or perhaps grind down a person a little at a time. In the most vehement inner rejection of the anti-ideal resonating with Nietzsche's ideal, there may be -- going by experience -- something bitter and pungent, but at the same time, it's something in part soul-deep in driving one away from dead ends, not only conventional ones but also non-conventional ones like indoctrination with a belief system which would ultimately cripple existential development.
As for the character of Zarathustra, he realizes not long after these first speeches that the "good and just" in conventional terms were so offended by what he said (and possibly a few other things they overheard) that he had made mortal enemies. In his further journeying, he resolves never again to try to teach the multitude, and instead to look for worthwhile friends and companions as he travels the world.
For those reading further (search and PDFs you will find), the ethics and aesthetics of Nietzsche are somewhat mixed-up, in relation to what would most clearly reflect a metaphysical polarity. This may in part be explained by him drawing very heavily upon Aristotle, whose legacy includes not only the ubiquitous materialistic philosophy, but also ideas of good qualities developing out of war, instead of good causes justifying war, and other ethically backwards things. Nietzsche also swallowed various other influences respectable in his time, but later seen past as knowledge advanced. The more original stuff he came up with withstands the test of time better.
The most conventional, even academic, wisdom was characterized through a preacher of good sleep, greatly honored and respected, listened to by many, teaching them how to live in such a way that what they do at day leaves them no trouble at night. Zarathustra muses, "if life had no sense, and I had to choose nonsense, this would be the desirablest nonsense for me also."
Humanity is a mess, and creates complicated messes for itself, including -- as Nietzsche views it -- through the inhuman monstrosity of "the state". But zooming in, there's far more basic problems than what happens at the large and abstract level in a way that made Nietzsche think of a slow collective suicide taking place. In many ways, at various scales, what people develop follow the ideas of those who preach death rather than life, who have worldviews centering around something denying life or its meaningful development on Earth. This includes various religious doctrines, in Nietzsche's view, which teach people to give up on everything except a striving to escape from the dreadful confines of life on Earth, sometimes through bringing a self-destructive striving to crush any real goodness and potential they may have in the name of whatever is fervently imagined.
Nietzsche's description of spiritual development may be a good match for those who, however they began, then went on to inwardly carry great burdens of obligation and "thou shalt", values handed to them as wisdom from external sources, until, genuinely convinced, as a result life revolves around taking on and carrying heavy loads seemingly for its own sake. All these great golden values which somehow arrived from outside may, in a next stage of growth, be seen to be like the scales of a great dragon, which needs to be defied with a purity of raw inner strength yearning for freedom. In thus embodying a holy "No", the older and shallower virtuous order is inwardly destroyed. Thereafter in spirit can unfold a childlike new beginning, where the creative role becomes genuine and a holy "Yes" is embodied.
Quote:Man is a rope stretched between the animal and the Superman--
a rope over an abyss. A dangerous crossing, a dangerous wayfaring,
a dangerous looking-back, a dangerous trembling and halting.
What is great in man is that he is a bridge and not a goal:
what is lovable in man is that he is an over-going and a down-going.
Nietzsche's Zarathustra is a man who used to believe in a God he later realized was a phantom mirroring human nature and weaknesses. After a decade of withdrawal and solitude, he no longer believes in that miserable creator who distracted himself from his pain and shortcomings by fixing his attention on a creation filled with pain and shortcomings (that's Nietzsche's vision of a Christian God). He has recovered from his inwardly ashen state and is calmly filled with a new fire in its place. And he wants to help people, but soon learns how messy it can be to try to communicate controversial things.
To inwardly break molds of conventional, barren normality, people need to be capable of self-contempt, not in a conventional moral sense, but rather seeing how small, flaky, and transient one's happiness and reason and virtue are. Rather than genuinely living for something which makes life worthwhile, or for knowing, or a striving to embody a way of being, usually neither the good qualities nor their opposite are truly at the core of a person. As seen from a more detached (or perhaps simply alienated, through a heavy disillusionment) perspective, the good qualities are usually like small, weak animals moving along haphazardly and always needing more food, always poor in spirit.
There's of course several ways in which things could be different from that, and Nietzsche's protagonist, while strikingly positive on the whole, describes things in an ambiguous way which brings far greater emphasis to avoiding the usual dead ends than to bringing any pure vision of positive spirituality into focus.
Quote:I love those that know not how to live except as down-
goers, for they are the over-goers.
I love the great despisers, because they are the great
adorers, and arrows of longing for the other shore.
I love those who do not first seek a reason beyond the
stars for going down and being sacrifices, but sacrifice
themselves to the earth, that the earth of the Superman
may hereafter arrive.
I love him who liveth in order to know, and seeketh to
know in order that the Superman may hereafter live. Thus
seeketh he his own down-going.
I love him who laboureth and inventeth, that he may
build the house for the Superman, and prepare for him
earth, animal, and plant: for thus seeketh he his own
down-going.
I love him who loveth his virtue: for virtue is the will
to down-going, and an arrow of longing.
I love him who reserveth no share of spirit for himself,
but wanteth to be wholly the spirit of his virtue: thus
walketh he as spirit over the bridge.
I love him who maketh his virtue his inclination and
destiny: thus, for the sake of his virtue, he is willing to
live on, or live no more.
I love him who desireth not too many virtues. One
virtue is more of a virtue than two, because it is more of
a knot for one's destiny to cling to.
I love him whose soul is lavish, who wanteth no thanks
and doth not give back: for he always bestoweth, and
desireth not to keep for himself.
I love him who is ashamed when the dice fall in his
favour, and who then asketh: "Am I a dishonest player?"--
for he is willing to succumb.
I love him who scattereth golden words in advance of
his deeds, and always doeth more than he promiseth: for
he seeketh his own down-going.
I love him who justifieth the future ones, and redeemeth
the past ones: for he is willing to succumb through the
present ones.
I love him who chasteneth his God, because he loveth
his God: for he must succumb through the wrath of his
God.
I love him whose soul is deep even in the wounding,
and may succumb through a small matter: thus goeth he
willingly over the bridge.
I love him whose soul is so overfull that he forgetteth
himself, and all things are in him: thus all things become
his down-going.
I love him who is of a free spirit and a free heart: thus
is his head only the bowels of his heart; his heart, how-
ever, causeth his down-going.
I love all who are like heavy drops falling one by one
out of the dark cloud that lowereth over man: they her-
ald the coming of the lightning, and succumb as heralds.
Lo, I am a herald of the lightning, and a heavy drop
out of the cloud: the lightning, however, is the super-
man.--
Human potential is compared to a dark cloud carrying the potential for something greater to manifest out of it. Zarathustra compares himself and others of like mind to heavy raindrops falling out of the cloud, heralding the coming of lightning, when humanity finally attains something greater than itself. But there's also a contrasting vision of what happens when and where the potential dissipates while nothing much comes from humanity.
Not all are capable of genuinely questioning the value of how and what they currently are, by looking at it soberly. Can they still, somehow, be spurred on to develop a real valuation of deeper ideals, and see that differences exist of a kind which justifies real and heartfelt striving to change?
Quote:They have something whereof they are proud. What do
they call it, that which maketh them proud? Culture,
they call it; it distinguisheth them from the goatherds.
They dislike, therefore, to hear of "contempt" of them-
selves. So I will appeal to their pride.
I will speak unto them of the most contemptible thing:
that, however, is the last man!"
Zarathustra envisions a bad final age in the development of civilization, where technology keeps humanity alive, and people live very long, colorless, apathetic lives, having no ambitions or preoccupations beyond living like amiable animals in a world of routine and normality, and where the abnormal (having anything in them not in harmony with such life) simply leave the rest alone in order to be treated for whatever insanity they are viewed as having. A formless herd in which all are perfectly alike. Along with all of the old problems of humanity, all the old potential has also faded away.
Quote:It is time for man to fix his goal. It is time for man to
plant the germ of his highest hope.
Still is his soil rich enough for it. But that soil will one
day be poor and exhausted, and no lofty tree will any
longer be able to grow thereon.
Alas! there cometh the time when man will no longer
launch the arrow of his longing beyond man--and the
string of his bow will have unlearned to whizz!
I tell you: one must still have chaos in one, to give
birth to a dancing star. I tell you: ye have still chaos in
you.
Alas! There cometh the time when man will no longer
give birth to any star. Alas! There cometh the time of the
most despicable man, who can no longer despise himself.
Lo! I show you the last man.
"What is love? What is creation? What is longing? What
is a star?"--so asketh the last man and blinketh.
The earth hath then become small, and on it there
hoppeth the last man who maketh everything small. His
species is ineradicable like that of the ground-flea; the
last man liveth longest.
"We have discovered happiness"--say the last men, and
blink thereby.
They have left the regions where it is hard to live; for
they need warmth. One still loveth one's neighbour and
rubbeth against him; for one needeth warmth.
Turning ill and being distrustful, they consider sinful:
they walk warily. He is a fool who still stumbleth over
stones or men!
A little poison now and then: that maketh pleasant
dreams. And much poison at last for a pleasant death.
One still worketh, for work is a pastime. But one is
careful lest the pastime should hurt one.
One no longer becometh poor or rich; both are too
burdensome. Who still wanteth to rule? Who still wanteth
to obey? Both are too burdensome.
No shepherd, and one herd! Every one wanteth the
same; every one is equal: he who hath other sentiments
goeth voluntarily into the madhouse.
"Formerly all the world was insane,"--say the subtlest
of them, and blink thereby.
They are clever and know all that hath happened: so
there is no end to their raillery. People still fall out, but
are soon reconciled--otherwise it spoileth their stom-
achs.
They have their little pleasures for the day, and their
little pleasures for the night, but they have a regard for
health.
"We have discovered happiness,"--say the last men,
and blink thereby.--
If for a gross caricature you ignore the complete death of the inner life, and use the "objective measurements" of conventional psychiatry, then I suppose it's a socialist utopia. More to the point is that it's a vision of equality being reached through the death of individuality, by taking away all except the human "shell" and making that docile.
Hope for any kind of development past the current, usual mess which humanity is, draws upon the chaos and uncertainty still in people. Without it, people would never go far in any direction.
The anti-ideal seems to match the idea of the "sinkhole the indifference" very well -- just as well as societies fragmenting into smaller and smaller warring groups which get nowhere except reversing their former development, and other visions of the evaporating of understanding and loss of inner striving to become anything more or different, leaving humans living on like animals in a truly meaningless existence. As for the ideal it is contrasted with, the main theme is the inner driving force which keeps a person fundamentally at odds with descent into the sinkhole.
Personally, I think this may resonate especially strongly with people who feel an invisible pressure in the form of all which would strive to force them into such an anti-ideal mold, a silent pressure which feels as if it slowly threatens to suffocate, or drown, or perhaps grind down a person a little at a time. In the most vehement inner rejection of the anti-ideal resonating with Nietzsche's ideal, there may be -- going by experience -- something bitter and pungent, but at the same time, it's something in part soul-deep in driving one away from dead ends, not only conventional ones but also non-conventional ones like indoctrination with a belief system which would ultimately cripple existential development.
As for the character of Zarathustra, he realizes not long after these first speeches that the "good and just" in conventional terms were so offended by what he said (and possibly a few other things they overheard) that he had made mortal enemies. In his further journeying, he resolves never again to try to teach the multitude, and instead to look for worthwhile friends and companions as he travels the world.
For those reading further (search and PDFs you will find), the ethics and aesthetics of Nietzsche are somewhat mixed-up, in relation to what would most clearly reflect a metaphysical polarity. This may in part be explained by him drawing very heavily upon Aristotle, whose legacy includes not only the ubiquitous materialistic philosophy, but also ideas of good qualities developing out of war, instead of good causes justifying war, and other ethically backwards things. Nietzsche also swallowed various other influences respectable in his time, but later seen past as knowledge advanced. The more original stuff he came up with withstands the test of time better.